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Guided reading · 7 passages

The Lamb

From the wood on Moriah and the blood on the doorposts to the Baptist's sentence and the hour of Passover.

01

Genesis 22:1–18

The binding of Isaac

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CPDV · Genesis 22:1–18 · verified

22:1After these things occurred, God tested Abraham, and he said to him, “Abraham, Abraham.” And he answered, “Here I am.

22:2He said to him: “Take your only begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and go into the land of vision. And there you shall offer him as a holocaust upon one of the mountains, which I will show to you.

22:3And so Abraham, getting up in the night, harnessed his donkey, taking with him two youths, and his son Isaac. And when he had cut wood for the holocaust, he traveled toward the place, as God had instructed him

22:4Then, on the third day, lifting up his eyes, he saw the place at a distance

Excerpt · 14 more verses on passage page
02

Exodus 12:1–14

The Passover lamb

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CPDV · Exodus 12:1–14 · verified

12:1The Lord also said to Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt

12:2“This month will be for you the beginning of the months. It will be first in the months of the year

12:3Speak to the entire assembly of the sons of Israel, and say to them: On the tenth day of this month, let everyone take a lamb, by their families and houses

12:4But if the number is less than may suffice to be able to consume the lamb, he shall accept his neighbor, who has been joined with his house according to the number of souls that may suffice to be able to eat the lamb

Excerpt · 10 more verses on passage page
03

Isaiah 53:3–12

The suffering servant

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CPDV · Isaiah 53:3–12 · verified

53:3He is despised and the least among men, a man of sorrows who knows infirmity. And his countenance was hidden and despised. Because of this, we did not esteem him

53:4Truly, he has taken away our weaknesses, and he himself has carried our sorrows. And we thought of him as if he were a leper, or as if he had been struck by God and humiliated

53:5But he himself was wounded because of our iniquities. He was bruised because of our wickedness. The discipline of our peace was upon him. And by his wounds, we are healed

53:6We have all gone astray like sheep; each one has turned aside to his own way. And the Lord has placed all our iniquity upon him

Excerpt · 6 more verses on passage page
04

Wisdom 2:12–20

The just man condemned

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CPDV · Wisdom 2:12–20 · verified

2:12Therefore, let us encircle the just, because he is useless to us, and he is against our works, and he reproaches us with our legal offenses, and makes known to us the sins of our way of life

2:13He promises that he has the knowledge of God and he calls himself the son of God

2:14He was made among us to expose our very thoughts

2:15He is grievous for us even to behold, for his life is unlike other men’s lives, and immutable are his ways

Excerpt · 5 more verses on passage page
05

John 1:29

Behold the Lamb of God

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CPDV · John 1:29 · verified

1:29On the next day, John saw Jesus coming toward him, and so he said: “Behold, the Lamb of God. Behold, he who takes away the sin of the world

06

John 19:24–37

Garments, bones, and the pierced side

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CPDV · John 19:24–37 · verified

19:24Then they said to one another, “Let us not cut it, but instead let us cast lots over it, to see whose it will be.” This was so that the Scripture would be fulfilled, saying: “They have distributed my garments among themselves, and for my vesture they have cast lots.” And indeed, the soldiers did these things

19:25And standing beside the cross of Jesus were his mother, and his mother’s sister, and Mary of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene

19:26Therefore, when Jesus had seen his mother and the disciple whom he loved standing near, he said to his mother, “Woman, behold your son.

19:27Next, he said to the disciple, “Behold your mother.” And from that hour, the disciple accepted her as his own

Excerpt · 10 more verses on passage page
07

1 Corinthians 5:7–8

Christ our Passover

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CPDV · 1 Corinthians 5:7–8 · verified

5:7Purge the old leaven, so that you may become the new bread, for you are unleavened. For Christ, our Passover, has now been immolated

5:8And so, let us feast, not with the old leaven, not with the leaven of malice and wickedness, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth

Sources and interpretation

Evidence for this thread

Every supporting connection, including links between nonadjacent readings.

typologyL02

Genesis 22:1–18 → John 1:29

Abraham's beloved son carries the wood for the offering, and a ram is provided in his place. Augustine reads Isaac and the ram as figures of Christ; John the Baptist names Jesus the Lamb of God.

source checked427 yearsThe story is set in the age of the patriarchs. The written form is still centuries older than the Gospel scene.
Sources & review
Interpretation
typology
Principal basis
Church Fathers
Review status
source checked
  • scripture

    Gen 22

  • scripture

    John 1:29

  • scripture

    Rom 8:32

  • catechism

    Catholic Church, Catechism of the Catholic Church

    CCC 2572

    Vatican English edition

    Interpretive support: Abraham offering Isaac is related to the Father giving his Son.

  • catechism

    Catholic Church, Catechism of the Catholic Church

    CCC 608

    Vatican English edition

    Interpretive support for the Lamb of God and suffering-servant reading; this paragraph does not itself establish the Isaac correspondence.

  • church father

    Augustine of Hippo, City of God

    Book XVI, chapter 32

    Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series I, vol. 2 (New Advent)

    Augustine reads Isaac carrying the wood and the substituted ram as figures of Christ. The animal actually sacrificed in Genesis is a ram.

typologyL03

Exodus 12:1–14 → 1 Corinthians 5:7–8

Israel is spared through the blood of an unblemished lamb, and Paul explicitly identifies Christ as our Passover sacrifice. John's Passion adds Passover imagery, including the unbroken bones; its precise chronological relationship to the Synoptic accounts remains disputed.

source checked432 yearsPassover was already an old feast when Jesus kept it. The pattern was not invented after Easter.
Sources & review
Interpretation
typology
Principal basis
Explicit New Testament application
Review status
source checked
  • scripture

    Exod 12

  • scripture

    1 Cor 5:7

  • scripture

    John 19:14, 36

  • catechism

    Catholic Church, Catechism of the Catholic Church

    CCC 608

    Vatican English edition

    Interpretive support for Jesus as the Paschal Lamb.

  • catechism

    Catholic Church, Catechism of the Catholic Church

    CCC 1339-1340

    Vatican English edition

    Interpretive support for the Last Supper and Christ as the definitive Passover; it does not resolve the Synoptic/Johannine chronology.

  • church father

    Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho

    Chapter 40

    Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 1 (New Advent)

    Justin explicitly reads the Passover lamb as a type of Christ and its preparation as an image of the cross.

Editorial questions

  • Accepted with qualification · disputed chronology

    John is commonly read as placing the Passion near the Temple sacrifice of the Passover lambs, while the Synoptic and Johannine chronology question remains disputed.

    Editorial response: The reader-facing note preserves the Johannine/Synoptic chronology dispute while grounding the warrant in 1 Corinthians 5:7.

fulfillmentL13

Isaiah 53:3–12 → Acts 8:32–35

Isaiah's servant is led silently to slaughter and bears the sins of many. Acts quotes the passage directly and says that Philip began from this Scripture to proclaim Jesus to the Ethiopian official.

source checked232 yearsAtlas uses 200 BC as an editorial composition cutoff. The Israel Museum dates its Isaiah copy to about 125 BC, independently establishing a pre-Christian text; that approximate copy date does not prove the earlier cutoff.
Sources & review
Interpretation
fulfillment
Principal basis
Explicit New Testament application
Review status
source checked
  • scripture

    Isa 53

  • scripture

    Acts 8:32-35

  • scripture

    Matt 8:17

  • scripture

    1 Pet 2:24

  • catechism

    Catholic Church, Catechism of the Catholic Church

    CCC 601, 615

    Vatican English edition

    Interpretive support for the suffering servant and the saving obedience of Christ. These paragraphs do not date the Isaiah manuscript.

  • church father

    Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies

    Book III, chapter 12, section 8

    Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 1 (New Advent)

    Irenaeus explicitly identifies the Isaiah passage preached by Philip and its application to Jesus.

  • scholarly

    Israel Museum, Jerusalem, The Great Isaiah Scroll

    The Great Isaiah Scroll, Introduction, p. 2

    Exhibition prospectus for the museum's 60th anniversary

    Manuscript evidence: the museum dates this copy to about 125 BC. That does not by itself substantiate Atlas's earlier 200 BC composition cutoff or the Christian interpretation of Isaiah.

typologyL25

Wisdom 2:12–20 → Matthew 27:35–46

Wisdom portrays opponents testing a righteous man who calls God his Father; Matthew 27:43 echoes the same taunt at the cross. Catholic commentary and patristic writers have long read the passage in relation to Christ's Passion.

source checked32 yearsThis is not a deep antiquity gap, and that is useful. A Jewish text from about a generation before Jesus already describes the mockery of the cross.
Sources & review
Interpretation
typology
Principal basis
Commentary
Review status
source checked
  • scripture

    Wis 2:12-20

  • scripture

    Matt 27:39-43

  • commentary

    George Leo Haydock, Haydock Catholic Bible Commentary

    Haydock Catholic Bible Commentary, notes on Wisdom 2:12 and 2:20

    Online commentary

    Traditional Catholic interpretation of the righteous man in Wisdom 2 in relation to Christ's Passion.

  • commentary

    United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, New American Bible, Revised Edition

    USCCB Bible, note on Matthew 27:43

    USCCB online Bible and notes

    Interpretive support for the Passion reading. The USCCB describes the Wisdom allusion in Matthew as probable.

  • commentary

    United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, New American Bible, Revised Edition

    USCCB Bible, note on Wisdom 2:12-20

    USCCB online Bible and notes

    Interpretive support for the Passion reading. The USCCB describes the Wisdom allusion in Matthew as probable.

  • church father

    Cyprian of Carthage, Testimonies

    Book II, section 14

    Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 5 (New Advent)

    Direct evidence of a Christian reading of Wisdom 2 in relation to the Passion; it does not establish Matthew's literary dependence.

  • church father

    Augustine of Hippo, City of God

    Book XVII, chapter 20

    Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series I, vol. 2 (New Advent)

    Direct evidence of a Christian reading of Wisdom 2 in relation to the Passion; it does not establish Matthew's literary dependence.